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Arnobius
Arnobius of Sicca (died c. 330) was an Early Christian apologist, during the reign of Diocletian (284–305).〔To distinguish him from a later Arnobius, of the fifth century, he is sometimes called Arnobius the Elder.〕 According to Jerome's ''Chronicle,'' Arnobius, before his conversion, was a distinguished Numidian rhetorician at Sicca Veneria (El Kef, Tunisia), a major Christian center in Proconsular Africa, and owed his conversion to a premonitory dream. Arnobius writes dismissively of dreams in his surviving book, so perhaps Jerome was projecting his own respect for the content of dreams. According to Jerome, to overcome the doubts of the local bishop as to the earnestness of his Christian belief he wrote (c. 303, from evidence in IV:36) an apologetic work in seven books that St. Jerome calls〔''De Viris Illustribus'', lxxix.〕 ''Adversus Gentes'' but which is entitled ''Adversus Nationes'' in the only (9th-century) manuscript that has survived. Jerome's reference, his remark that Lactantius was a pupil of Arnobius〔Jerome, ''Epistle'' 70.5. Arnobius' and Lactantius' readings of the classical pagan authors are compared in G. L. Ellspermann, ''The Attitude of the Early Christian Writers to Pagan Literature and Learning'' (Washington) 1949:56-50, 72-77.〕 and the surviving treatise are all that we know about Arnobius.
==''Adversus Nationes''==
''Against the Pagans'' was composed in response to Diocletian's persecution of Christians, and was a rebuttal to Pagan arguments as to why the persecution was justifiable. Arnobius, "a practitioner of the coarse and turgid style that is called African",〔Revilo P. Oliver, reviewing George E. McCracken (tr.), ''Arnobius of Sicca: The Case Against the Pagans'' (Westminster, Maryland: newman Press) 1949, in ''The Classical Journal'' 46.4 (January 1951:201).〕 is a vigorous apologist for the Christian faith, more earnest in his defence of Christianity than perfectly orthodox in his tenets. His book has been occasioned by complaints that the Christians had brought the wrath of the gods on Ancient Rome. Thus, he holds the heathen gods to be real beings, but subordinate to the supreme Christian God; in a streak of gnosticism, he affirms that the human soul (Book II, 14 - 62) is not the work of God, but of an intermediate being, and is not immortal by nature, but capable of putting on immortality as a grace. Never specifically identifying his pagan adversaries, some of whom may be straw men, set up to be demolished,〔, "Arnobius Adversus Genera: 'Arnobius on the Genders'" ''The Classical Journal'' 42.8 (May 1947:474-476) p. 474.〕 Arnobius defends and expounds the rightness of monotheism and Christianity (''deus princeps, deus summus'') and the divinity of Christ, by adducing its rapid diffusion, its influence in civilizing barbarians and its consonance with the best philosophy. Christianizing Plato, he refutes pagan idolatry as filled with contradictions and openly immoral, and to demonstrate this point, his Books III through V abound with curious information gathered from reliable sources (e.g. Cornelius Labeo) concerning the forms of idolatrous worship, temples, idols, and the Graeco-Roman cult practice of his time, to the historian and mythographer's cautious delight, but all held up by Arnobius for Christian ridicule.
''Adversus nationes'' survived in a single ninth-century manuscript in Paris (and a bad copy of it in Brussels).〔Codex Parisinus, lat. 1661. Concetto Marchesi, ''Arnobii adversus nationes libri vii'' (Corpus Scriptorum Latinorum Paravianum) Turin, 1953.〕 The French manuscript also contains the ''Octavius'' of Marcus Minucius Felix.〔Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy: "Modern translations of the Octavius come from a 9th century manuscript in the Bibliotheque Nationale in Paris which contains the seven books of Arnobius’ (284-305) Adversus Nationes along with an 8th book—the Octavius."--http://www.iep.utm.edu/minucius/〕
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